What I Learned on Science
Lesson 30
Natural Selection
Selection
Selection: Selection is the process of selecting the best quality of something.
Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation: Genetic variation is the change in the gene/ DNA to help the organism better survive in their environment.
Overpopulation
Overpopulation: Overpopulation is the process of growing more in population but, only few will survive to adulthood and fewer will reproduce.
Adaptation
Adaptation: Adaptation is the process of changing the organism's trait so, it can better survive in the environment.
Natural Selection
Selection
Selection: Selection is the process of selecting the best quality of something.
Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation: Genetic variation is the change in the gene/ DNA to help the organism better survive in their environment.
Overpopulation
Overpopulation: Overpopulation is the process of growing more in population but, only few will survive to adulthood and fewer will reproduce.
Adaptation
Adaptation: Adaptation is the process of changing the organism's trait so, it can better survive in the environment.
Lesson 29
Evolution Theory
Evolution Theory is the theory that says everything has the same origin and every organisms are the same. Every organism evolve from one another and this theory was discovered by English naturalist Charles Darwin.
Evolution Theory
Evolution Theory is the theory that says everything has the same origin and every organisms are the same. Every organism evolve from one another and this theory was discovered by English naturalist Charles Darwin.
Lesson 28
Genetic Engineering, Cloning, and Artificial Selection
Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is the process of manually inserting a new DNA to another organism.
Cloning: Cloning is the process of making identical copy of something.
Artificial Selection: Artificial selection is the process of having something in good quality and getting better quality of that something through out the generations.
Genetic Engineering, Cloning, and Artificial Selection
Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is the process of manually inserting a new DNA to another organism.
Cloning: Cloning is the process of making identical copy of something.
Artificial Selection: Artificial selection is the process of having something in good quality and getting better quality of that something through out the generations.
Lesson 27
DNA and RNA
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Meaning: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Structure: Double Helix
Function: Gives genetic information
Nucleotide Type: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid
Meaning: Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
Structure: One Helix
Function: RNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes.
Nucleotide Type: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
DNA and RNA
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Meaning: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Structure: Double Helix
Function: Gives genetic information
Nucleotide Type: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid
Meaning: Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
Structure: One Helix
Function: RNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes.
Nucleotide Type: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
Lesson 26
Gregor Mendel and his Pea Experiment
Gregor Mendel
Born: July 20, 1822
Died: January 6, 1884
Age: 63
Nickname: Father of Modern Genetics
Discoveries:
Pea Experiment
Peas Used: About 29,000
Duration: 1856- 1863 or 8 years
Discoveries: Heredity
Gregor Mendel and his Pea Experiment
Gregor Mendel
Born: July 20, 1822
Died: January 6, 1884
Age: 63
Nickname: Father of Modern Genetics
Discoveries:
Pea Experiment
Peas Used: About 29,000
Duration: 1856- 1863 or 8 years
Discoveries: Heredity
Lesson 25
Heredity
Heredity: Heredity is the information past from the parents to the off- spring and it is discovered by Gregor Mendel.
Heredity
Heredity: Heredity is the information past from the parents to the off- spring and it is discovered by Gregor Mendel.
Lesson 24
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is a reproduction that does not need sex cell. There is 4 types of asexual reproduction and they are binary fission, budding, spores, and vegetative reproduction.
Binary Fission
Binary Fission is the form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotics. It is a type of cell division . During binary fission, the parent organism spits in two, producing two new cells. Genetically, the new cells are exactly like the parent cell.
Budding
During budding, an organism develops tiny buds on its body. A grows until it forms a new full- sized organism that is genetically identical to the parent.
Spores
A spore is specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can form spores. In the right conditions, a spore develops into an organism.
Vegetative Reproduction
Some plants are able to reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. New plants can grow on roots, stems, or leaves. There are two type of stems were asexual reproduction can happen on plants witch is runners and tubers. Runners are aboveground stems from which a new stem can grow and tubers are underground stems from witch a new stem can grow.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is a reproduction that does not need sex cell. There is 4 types of asexual reproduction and they are binary fission, budding, spores, and vegetative reproduction.
Binary Fission
Binary Fission is the form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotics. It is a type of cell division . During binary fission, the parent organism spits in two, producing two new cells. Genetically, the new cells are exactly like the parent cell.
Budding
During budding, an organism develops tiny buds on its body. A grows until it forms a new full- sized organism that is genetically identical to the parent.
Spores
A spore is specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can form spores. In the right conditions, a spore develops into an organism.
Vegetative Reproduction
Some plants are able to reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. New plants can grow on roots, stems, or leaves. There are two type of stems were asexual reproduction can happen on plants witch is runners and tubers. Runners are aboveground stems from which a new stem can grow and tubers are underground stems from witch a new stem can grow.
Lesson 23
Fertilized Egg Cell
Fertillized Egg Cell: A fertilized egg cell is the fussion of the sperm cell and egg cell. The fertillized egg cell is also known as zygote and there is 46 chromosomes/ 23 chromosome pairs in the fertillized egg cell so, the fertillized egg cell is a diploid.
Fertilized Egg Cell
Fertillized Egg Cell: A fertilized egg cell is the fussion of the sperm cell and egg cell. The fertillized egg cell is also known as zygote and there is 46 chromosomes/ 23 chromosome pairs in the fertillized egg cell so, the fertillized egg cell is a diploid.
Lesson 22
Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison
Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison
Lesson 21
Meiosis
In Meiosis is Divided in to Two Ways Which is Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
Meosis 1
Prophase 1: Prophase 1 is when the chromosomes were duplicated.
Metaphase 1: Metaphase 1 is when the nuclear membrane breakdown and the chromosomes lines up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase 1: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase 1: Telophase is when the cell divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Meiosis 2
Prophase 2: The chomosomes are not duplicated in prophase 2 but, the nuclear membrane does break.
Metaphase 2: In Metaphase 2 the chromosomes lines up in the middle if the cell.
Anaphase 2: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase 2: Telophase 2 is when the cell divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Meiosis
In Meiosis is Divided in to Two Ways Which is Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
Meosis 1
Prophase 1: Prophase 1 is when the chromosomes were duplicated.
Metaphase 1: Metaphase 1 is when the nuclear membrane breakdown and the chromosomes lines up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase 1: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase 1: Telophase is when the cell divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Meiosis 2
Prophase 2: The chomosomes are not duplicated in prophase 2 but, the nuclear membrane does break.
Metaphase 2: In Metaphase 2 the chromosomes lines up in the middle if the cell.
Anaphase 2: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase 2: Telophase 2 is when the cell divides and the nuclear membrane reforms.
Lesson 20
Sperm Cells and Egg Cells
Sperm Cell: Sperm cells are cells used for sexual reproduction also known as sex cell. Sperm cells have x and y chromosome so, males have sperm cells and sperm cells can be called male gamete.
Egg Cells: Egg cells are cells used for sexual reproduction also known as sex cell. Egg cells have x and x chromosome so, females have egg cells and egg cells can be called female gamete.
Sperm Cells and Egg Cells
Sperm Cell: Sperm cells are cells used for sexual reproduction also known as sex cell. Sperm cells have x and y chromosome so, males have sperm cells and sperm cells can be called male gamete.
Egg Cells: Egg cells are cells used for sexual reproduction also known as sex cell. Egg cells have x and x chromosome so, females have egg cells and egg cells can be called female gamete.
Lesson 19
Haploid and Diploid
Haploid: Haploid cells are cells that have no chromosome pairs for example sex cell.
Diploid: Diploid cells are cells that have chromosome pairs for example body cells.
Haploid and Diploid
Haploid: Haploid cells are cells that have no chromosome pairs for example sex cell.
Diploid: Diploid cells are cells that have chromosome pairs for example body cells.
Lesson 18
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction is when a sex cell of a x and y chromosome (male gamete/ sperm cell) goes in to a sex cell of a x and x chromosome (female gamete/ egg cell) and that egg cell turns into a fertilized egg cell witch sooner turns into an off- spring.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction is when a sex cell of a x and y chromosome (male gamete/ sperm cell) goes in to a sex cell of a x and x chromosome (female gamete/ egg cell) and that egg cell turns into a fertilized egg cell witch sooner turns into an off- spring.
Lesson 17
How Cells Divide
1. Interphase: Interphase is divided into 3 parts G1, S, and G2.
G1: The Cell grows bigger.
S: The DNA duplicated.
G2: The spindle fibre duplicated.
2. Mitosis: Mitosis is divided into 4 parts Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase: Prophase is when the chromosomes turns shorter, thicker, and more visible.
Metaphase: Metaphase is when the spindle fibre goes to the opposite sides of the cell. Then, the chromosomes lines up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase: Telophase is when the chromosomes turns longer and thinner. the cell division process is nearly done.
3. Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is when the cell division process is complete and they do this again and again to gain more cell.
How Cells Divide
1. Interphase: Interphase is divided into 3 parts G1, S, and G2.
G1: The Cell grows bigger.
S: The DNA duplicated.
G2: The spindle fibre duplicated.
2. Mitosis: Mitosis is divided into 4 parts Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase: Prophase is when the chromosomes turns shorter, thicker, and more visible.
Metaphase: Metaphase is when the spindle fibre goes to the opposite sides of the cell. Then, the chromosomes lines up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase: The centromere disappears and a set of chromosomes goes to the left or right region of the cell and another set would go to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase: Telophase is when the chromosomes turns longer and thinner. the cell division process is nearly done.
3. Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is when the cell division process is complete and they do this again and again to gain more cell.
Lesson 16
Chromosome
Chromatid: Chromatid is a petal like structure, they are made of DNA and protein, and are not so visible.
Chromosome: Chromosome is 2 nearly identical chromatid and there are 2 type of chromosome in us humans, x and y humans have 23 chromosomes. Females have x x chromosomes and males have x y chromosomes.
Chromosome
Chromatid: Chromatid is a petal like structure, they are made of DNA and protein, and are not so visible.
Chromosome: Chromosome is 2 nearly identical chromatid and there are 2 type of chromosome in us humans, x and y humans have 23 chromosomes. Females have x x chromosomes and males have x y chromosomes.
Lesson 15
Cell Division
Cells divides for 5 reasons and they are growth, development, repair, and reproduction.
Uni- Cellular Organism: Uni- cellular organisms use cell division for reproduction.
Multi- Cellular Organism: Multi- cellular organisms use cell division for growth, repair, development, and reproduction.
Cell Division
Cells divides for 5 reasons and they are growth, development, repair, and reproduction.
Uni- Cellular Organism: Uni- cellular organisms use cell division for reproduction.
Multi- Cellular Organism: Multi- cellular organisms use cell division for growth, repair, development, and reproduction.
Lesson 14
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Connection
Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere was made during photosynthesis. Nearly all organisms use this oxygen during cellular respiration. They produce carbon dioxide and release it into the environment. In turn, plants use the carbon dioxide to make glucose/ sugars. So, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked, each depending on the products of the other.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Connection
Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere was made during photosynthesis. Nearly all organisms use this oxygen during cellular respiration. They produce carbon dioxide and release it into the environment. In turn, plants use the carbon dioxide to make glucose/ sugars. So, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked, each depending on the products of the other.
Lesson 13
Cellular Respiration in Mitochondria
energy is synthesized during cellular respiration. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are your cell's energy producing organelles.
Cellular Respiration in Mitochondria
energy is synthesized during cellular respiration. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are your cell's energy producing organelles.
Lesson 12
Photosynthesis in Chloroplast
Chloroplast are the food producers of the cell. Animal cells do not have chloroplast.Chloroplast work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.
Photosynthesis in Chloroplast
Chloroplast are the food producers of the cell. Animal cells do not have chloroplast.Chloroplast work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.
Lesson 11
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the balancing of the internal environment.
Examples are:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the balancing of the internal environment.
Examples are:
- Piloerection
- Shivering
- Sweating
- Pilorelaxation
- Curling Up
Lesson 10
Passive Transport and Active Transport
Passive Transport: Passive transport does not require energy, it travels from high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.
Active Transport: Active transport requires energy, it uses a pump or a channel to move object from low concentration to high concentration. Exocytosis and endocytosis are examples of active transport.
Passive Transport and Active Transport
Passive Transport: Passive transport does not require energy, it travels from high concentration to low concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.
Active Transport: Active transport requires energy, it uses a pump or a channel to move object from low concentration to high concentration. Exocytosis and endocytosis are examples of active transport.
Lesson 9
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Endocytosis: Endocytosis is when the plasma membrane extend forward to surround the food particle and when the coated pit is filled with a good amount of particles, it seals of and turns into a coated vesicle.(food particles going in a cell)
Exocytosis: Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. This process results in the discharge of materials from vesicles at the cell's surface to the outside of the cell.(food particles goes out of the cell)
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Endocytosis: Endocytosis is when the plasma membrane extend forward to surround the food particle and when the coated pit is filled with a good amount of particles, it seals of and turns into a coated vesicle.(food particles going in a cell)
Exocytosis: Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. This process results in the discharge of materials from vesicles at the cell's surface to the outside of the cell.(food particles goes out of the cell)
Lesson 8
Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion: Diffusion is a process by which molecules move down their concentration gradient. The process does not require any membrane.
Osmosis: Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion: Diffusion is a process by which molecules move down their concentration gradient. The process does not require any membrane.
Osmosis: Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
Lesson 7
Alveoli and Villi
Alveoli: Lung alveoli are the ends of the respiratory tree, branching from either alveolar sacs or alveolar duct, which like alveoli are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well.
Villi: Villi are small, finger-like structures in the Large intestine. They help to absorb digested food.
Alveoli and Villi
Alveoli: Lung alveoli are the ends of the respiratory tree, branching from either alveolar sacs or alveolar duct, which like alveoli are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well.
Villi: Villi are small, finger-like structures in the Large intestine. They help to absorb digested food.
Lesson 6
Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ System
Cell: The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Tissue: A tissue is a combination of cells doing the same dutie.
Organ: A organ is a combination of tissues doing the same dutie.
Organ System: A organ system is a combination of organs doing the same dutie.
Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ System
Cell: The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Tissue: A tissue is a combination of cells doing the same dutie.
Organ: A organ is a combination of tissues doing the same dutie.
Organ System: A organ system is a combination of organs doing the same dutie.
Lesson 5
Food Molecules
Lipid: A lipid is a fat molecule or molecule that has similar properties. Lipid does not mix with water. They have many jobs in cell such as storing energy.
Protein: A protein is a molecule made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. When you eat food with high protein, such as peanut butter and meat, the proteins are broken down into amino acid.Amino acids are used to make new proteins. Proteins are used to build and repair body structures and to regulate body processes. Proteins called enzymes help chemical processes happen in cells.
Carbohydrate: Carbohydrates are made up of sugar, fiber, and starches molecules and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Cells use carbohydrates as a source of energy and for energy storage. Cell break down carbohydrate to release energy stored in them.
Nucleic acid: A nucleic acid is a molecule that carries information in cells. Nucleic acids are made of smaller molecules called nucleotides. DNA is one type of nucleic acid that is found in cells.
Phospholipid: They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group.
Food Molecules
Lipid: A lipid is a fat molecule or molecule that has similar properties. Lipid does not mix with water. They have many jobs in cell such as storing energy.
Protein: A protein is a molecule made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. When you eat food with high protein, such as peanut butter and meat, the proteins are broken down into amino acid.Amino acids are used to make new proteins. Proteins are used to build and repair body structures and to regulate body processes. Proteins called enzymes help chemical processes happen in cells.
Carbohydrate: Carbohydrates are made up of sugar, fiber, and starches molecules and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Cells use carbohydrates as a source of energy and for energy storage. Cell break down carbohydrate to release energy stored in them.
Nucleic acid: A nucleic acid is a molecule that carries information in cells. Nucleic acids are made of smaller molecules called nucleotides. DNA is one type of nucleic acid that is found in cells.
Phospholipid: They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group.
Lesson 4
Atoms, Element, and Compound
Atom:An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Element: A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei.
Compound: A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically joined.
Atoms, Element, and Compound
Atom:An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Element: A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei.
Compound: A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically joined.
Lesson 3
Ekaryotic and Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Ekaryotic and Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Lesson 2
Cell Theory
Cell Theory Timeline: The original cell theory states that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms and all cells come from other cells. The scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann are credited with establishing the cell theory in 1839.The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cell Theory
Cell Theory Timeline: The original cell theory states that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms and all cells come from other cells. The scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann are credited with establishing the cell theory in 1839.The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.